Saturday, December 28, 2019

Literary Romanticism Literary Realism - 852 Words

Literary Romanticism in Contrast to Literary Realism Romanticism is a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. This particular movement focused on imagination and the interpretation of imagination by the individual. Romanticism primarily used symbolism to represent a much broader meaning than the object itself. In contrast, Realism attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity, or in other words, it is fiction devoted to the accurate representations of American lives and shifts in culture. This particular movement focused on the criticisms of social conditions and used characters as the center of interests as opposed to a plot. In addition, Realism used objects or figures as impartial or objective representations in an honest, matter of fact style. Authors from both of these literary movements used observations of surroundings in societies, or the world as a whole, to convey messages in their works, that unify them. In Edgar Allen Poe’s Raven, which is from the Romanticism movement, Poe uses the crow as the symbolization to convey his message, through the narrator, of the narrator’s surroundings as well as the narrator’s state of mind (imagination). Poe exemplifies this as follows: Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December; And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow; –Show MoreRelatedLiterary Realism : A Movement1602 Words   |  7 PagesTaylor Jones Professor Anderson American Literature II 11 October 2015 Literary Realism Realism was a movement in literature that followed Romanticism. In sharp contrast to Romanticism, everyday things characterized the writing of this time period. The use of authentic settings, relatable characters, and plotlines made realism what it was. In order to support the goals of these works, authors, for the first time, created stories that truly represented class and gender. The topics of class and moneyRead MoreCharles Darwin And His Theory Of Evolution1248 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican literature began to shift away from romanticism, which had been the primary style seen among American novelists up to and for some time after the Civil War. With the departure from romanticism came the journey into the realm of realism. If Romanticism can be described as searching past the obvious in search of the ideal, then Realism is diving into the obvious to explore the ugliness, misery, and hopefully the truth of the world. In general, Literary Realism attempts to depict life as it is , withRead MoreThe Realism Movement Of France1606 Words   |  7 PagesThe Realism Movement in France Gustave Courbet, a major influence of the Realism movement, defined Realism as a human conclusion which awakened the very forces of man against paganism, Greco-Roman art, the Renaissance, Catholicism, and the gods and demigods, in short against the conventional ideal† (New World Encyclopedia). According to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of realism is the theory or practice in art or literature of fidelity to nature or to real life and toRead MoreThe Modern Literary Era Shift From Romanticism Into Realism In The 20th Century2016 Words   |  9 Pagesmodern literary era shifted from romanticism into realism in the early 20th century. Realism in literature stripped away romantic notion in favor of a more representative style. This new literature was descriptive and colorful while describing on occasion, terrible events from experiences born out of World War One. Many of these writers were considered part of the Lost Generation and their literary themes expressed the feelings of their time. A smaller subset of these writers took their literary talentsRead MoreEssay on Romanticism, Realism and Local Color in The Awakening1018 Words   |  5 PagesRomanticism, Realism and Local Color in The Awakening nbsp; Kate Chopin is an author who was born in 1851 and died in 1904.nbsp; Her father died when she was young, and her husband died when she was thirty-one leaving her with six children.nbsp; Due to this, she had little male influence throughout her life.nbsp; This may possibly be why she had so little inhibition when writing her novels.nbsp; She seemed to concentrate on the oppression of women and presented socially unacceptable ideasRead More Enlightenment, Romanticism, Realism, Modernism, and Postmodernism598 Words   |  3 PagesEnlightenment, Romanticism, Realism, Modernism, and Postmodernism Literature: the enlightenment, romanticism, realism, modernism, and postmodernism†¦. Where does one begin? To some, those words can be as scary as the word computer is to others. This essay is designed to help you become a great literary interpreter. Getting the motivation is three fourths of the battle to getting into the heads of the artists. To begin, an outline of some of the literary movements has been provided. The enlightenmentRead MoreLiterary Romanticism In Madame Bovary706 Words   |  3 Pagesphase of romanticism in 1856, French novelist, Gustave Flaubert boycotted the promised fairy tales found in novels with, Madame Bovary. Flaubert’s story of the failed dreamer utilizes literary realism to exploit the truths of looking for the imaginary in reality. With his meticulous writing skills, Flaubert exposes the unspoken fears of love through his protagonist, Emma Bovary. Despite initial outrage during publication, Madame Bovary has developed into a staple piece in the age of romanticism. As anRead MoreRealism in 19th Century American Fiction1014 Words   |  5 PagesREALISM IN 19th CENTURY AMERICAN FICTION The 19th century is considered to mark the origin of realism as a literary movement in the United States. American writers following the era of change in American life, moved steadily from Romanticism towards Realism, which was to lead the next step of Naturalism. The process was gradual, reflecting the periodic fluctuations in the history of American society. In this process, the Civil War provided a dramatic point of cleavage. In 1865 at the end of theRead More The Awakening: Romanticism, Realism, and Local Color Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesThe Awakening: nbsp;Romanticism, Realism, and Local Colornbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp; Imagine being far out into the middle of the ocean and at that moment, having to make a choice between judgment and individuality, death and life? In 1899, Kate Chopin composed a captivating novel titled The Awakening. Throughout Chopins day, the work was regarded as nonsense and a waste of time on her part. Critics found the main characters rebellion to be foolish and unlawful. At that age, it was believedRead MoreThemes of Regionalism in Cathers A Wagner Matinee Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesWagner Matinee. Highly educated and informed, Cather demonstrated realism techniques and language throughout the short story. Most of her writing, published at the end of the realist era, was not well accepted. A Wagner Matinee strongly contradicts literary techniques and devices of Romanticism while emphasizing regionalism, a form of realism. In comparing and contrasting literary techniques and style of the Romantic and realism eras, A Wagner Matinee, by Willa Cather, would use less empha size

Friday, December 20, 2019

Little Red Riding Hood A Fairy Tale - 1688 Words

Little Red Riding Hood According to oxford dictionary a fairy tale is an all aged story about magical and imaginary things. (Fairy tale). A fairy tale to me is also like reality, because it s a story with a lesson behind it, that people learn from, the moral. To me a fairy tale is just a short made up story with a strong meaning behind it. The moral of a fairy tale is a lesson that s being described, to be learned! â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood†, is the fairy tale that I think has a very serious meaning to it. The cultural value to this fairy tale is, safety of women, and the safety of little girls. Its a European fairy tale. Lurie says â€Å" The standard European fairy tale, both traditional and modern, takes place in a fixed social world.†(Alison 364). By this she meant that a fixed social world is a world that can not be changed. Its important to know that this fairy tale is a european fairy tale because in this little story Little Red Riding Hood goes off and doe s stuff that people normally do but is very dangerous. That proves the idea of lesson learned. By this I mean that anyone and everyone knows what consequences would have to be faced but still do it, because its something that can t be changed. People have to actually see or go through something bad to actually learn from it. But it s still a lesson that is taught and cannot be changed. The cultural value of this fairy tale â€Å" Little Red Riding Hood† as I previously mentioned is about the safety of women andShow MoreRelatedFairy Tales Paper: A Retelling of Little Red Riding Hood941 Words   |  4 PagesAs we look back on the history of fairy tales, we find that they are stories passed down to generations through the oral tradition that generally include a moral or pervading theme that is meant to aid the listener. One characteristic of oral stories are the variations that often occurred with each retelling as a result of errors in translation and interpretations, as well as changes driven by the storyteller’s desire to share a particular point of view with the listener. A modern twist on theseRead MoreFairy Hood Culture1529 Words   |  7 PagesFairy tales, in general, have evolved through history, like â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood.† The fairy tale â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† has so many versions that have been told from books and movies and each contain messages. Throughout history â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† has conveys the same primary message that danger is around. When telling a child about â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† they understand one message that they should not talk to strangers, but children do not understand other messages that are analyzedRead MoreLittle Red Riding Hood By Sam The Sham And The Pharaohs1244 Words   |  5 PagesFairy Tales change and are constantly molding to fit modern standards and expectations. The story of Little Red Riding Hood also changes. Over the years innumerable variations have been created. Used by many, the story of Little Red Riding Hood has debuted in print, games, tv, painting, and song. Some adaptations fit into the category of a fairy tale while others branch out into other genres. The song â€Å"Lil’ Red Riding Hood† by Sam the Sham the Pharaohs exemplifies the story of Little Red RidingRead MoreThe Importance of Little Red Riding Hood764 Words   |  3 Pagesdanger† Little Red Riding Hood hasn’t. The fairy tales that are taught and shared today teach life lessons. Little Red Riding Hood is a fairy tale recorder by The Brothers Grimm that is about a young naà ¯ve girl who is deceived by the Wolf and is taught a life lesson. Little Red Riding Hood is a fairy tale that originates from Germany and much of Europe and is about a girl who was hoodwinked by the Wolf and teaches a theme or moral about growing up, and being safe. The tale Little Red Riding Hood is saidRead MoreVladimir Propps Morphology of the Folk Tale Essay556 Words   |  3 PagesVladimir Propp presents an excellent argument in his Morphology of the Folktale. In testing his hypothesis he compares the themes of about 100 tales and comes out with a formula, ultimately coming to the conclusion that there is really only one fairy tale in its structure. He takes a description of the tale according to its component parts and [compares] the relationship of these components to each other and to the whole (Tatar 382). There is a significant amount of repeating functions inRead MoreShort Story : Little Red Riding Hood1364 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† is an extremely well known fairy tale that has been told across the globe in a multitude of versions. The story is often told with a young girl dressed in a hooded red coat, sent by her mother to deliver a basket of food to her sick grandmother. On the journey to her g randmother’s house, Little Red Riding Hood meets a wolf, whom she assumes to be good-natured. She tells him where she is headed and who she is planning on visiting. Although the little girl trusts the wolf,Read MoreAnalysis Of The Book Fairy Tale 810 Words   |  4 Pages†§ Red in religions Red was used in different type of religion art, but they all symbolize fire and blood overall. (Gage, 1999) For example, red was a representation of Apostles and Martyrs’ feasts. (Gage, 1999) The importance of red in church was also been seen in the article written by Laura Dilloway. She mentioned that cardinals are the second rank of the Roman Catholic religion only below the Pope. When they are in choir, they would wear fully red robes. In usual time, the black robes theyRead MoreAnalysis of Little Red Riding Hood Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesIn his story Little Red Riding Hood, Charles Perrault introduces the concept of being wary of strangers to his young audience. The story begins with a little girl getting instructions from her mother to take some bread and butter to her ailing grandmother. Shortly after her journey to her grandmothers cottage, the little girl comes in contact with a wolf. She engages in conversation with the wolf, informing him of her destination an d the whereabouts of her grandmother. The wolf, being a cunningRead MoreFairy Tales Analysis1136 Words   |  5 PagesFairy tales have been read to children for many years by parents hoping these tales of heroines and heroes would provide a fun and interesting way to teach moral and values. Fairy tales provide children with a fun and entertaining way to deal with strangers. Children learn that when you don’t follow the rule and talk to mysterious strangers you’re put into situation that can cause pain or suffering to others. Fairy tales such as the Brothers Grimm version of â€Å"Little Red-Cap† provide a great dealRead MoreEssay about Fairy Tales, The Hidden Meaning1436 Words   |  6 PagesFairy Tales: The Hidden Meaning. True love stories are typically not found on television; but can be found in the older books of fairytales. Fairytales have not been always written because before people could write, fairytales would be spoken and passed on from generation to generation. Although large numbers of literary fairy tales were written in 17th century France, most of the tales which are still told and retold now are far older in origin. The first published fairytales happened in 1667;

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Genetic engineering2 Essay Example For Students

Genetic engineering2 Essay The idea of studying genetic engineering and revealing those results intrigues me thoroughly. Studying these coded proteins or genes brings about revolutionary advancements in the fields of medicine and bioengineering. The possibilities that genetic engineering make are endless. For example, genetic engineering can improve nutritious quality and enhance the flavor in foods. We can also look forward to new techniques in disease prevention and treatments, improve the quality of life. However, as stated by James Watson, genetic engineering is also has ethical, medical, and societal implications. If genetic engineering is not used wisely and ethically the results can reduce our health and seriously endanger the environment. It is up to us, as a society to make the correct choices involving genetic engineering. Genetic Engineering is the alteration of an organisms genetic, or hereditary, material to eliminate undesirable characteristics or to produce desirable new ones. Since Watson’s discovery in 1953, genetic engineering has made profound advancements. Through Recombinant DNA or gene splicing scientists can directly alter genetic material. Recombinant DNA is DNA that has been created artificially. Recombinant DNA is made from two or more sources that are incorporated into a single recombinant molecule. The first step in recombinant dna is to isolate the genes in question. Then two molecules or genes are treated with a restriction enzyme. Restriction enzymes are DNA-cutting devices found in bacteria (and harvested from them for use). A restriction enzyme recognizes and cuts DNA only at a particular sequence of nucleotides. Treating the DNA of two different organisms with the same restriction enzyme produces complementary fragments, or fragments with ends that fit together. These end s that fit together are called â€Å"sticky ends† because they are able to join with any DNA molecule that contains the complementary sticky end. Mixed together, these molecules can join with each other by the base pairing between their sticky ends. The union can be made permanent by another enzyme, DNA ligase, which forms covalent bonds between the molecules. The result is a molecule of recombinant DNA (rDNA). The ability to produce recombinant DNA molecules has not only revolutionized the study of genetics, but has laid the foundation for much of the biotechnology industry. In humans, recombinant DNA is the basis of gene therapy, in which the DNA is introduced into body, or somatic cells, where it may alter their genetic makeup. These alterations cannot be passed to future generations since sperm and eggs, or germ cells, are not affected. There are many methods of introducing new genetic material into a cell or organism, or altering the existing material. A vector is something that can carry the gene into the host, or rather into the nucleus of a host cell. Special viruses have been altered and put to use, which can introduce new genetic material to an organism. One such virus is the adenovirus, which affects the respiratory system. The adenovirus equipped with genetic altered material is inserted into the host and then the virus inserts its genome into the host. The host then divides spreading the genetically engineered material. Another way is through liposomes, which are injectable microscopic fatty globules that can enclose and protect DNA. In lame man’s terms it means to enclose the gene in the cell membrane of an organism and then the membrane will recognize certain cells. Vectors are commonly bacterial plasmids (see below and next page) or viruses Another method is the SHOTGUN TECHNIQUE which blindly sho ots masses of tiny gold particles coated with the gene into a plate of cells, hoping to land a hit somewhere in the cells DNA I’m strongly for the uses of genetic engineering in advancing medicine. Gene therapy can be used to treat desperately ill patients, or to prevent a disease. Under the Hippocratic oath doctors are obligated to help patients in any way possible. Doctors, patients, and scientists have rights to explore gene therapy and create new medicines to save people. The uses of gene therapy are unlimited. Presently patients are being saved. Patients with clog arteries in the lower extremities can be injected with genes that make the protein to manufacture new blood vessels. By making new blood vessels, the clot can be bypassed, saving the patients life. Another treatment is growing new skin to heal wounds, or to increase the effectiveness of the immune system using specific genes. The long-term uses will include the treatment of disease. Gene therapy can be used to prevent mental illness or even alcoholism. But more importantly cancer and HIV can be prevented by expressing genes that block or protect us from growth of infectious agents (carcogens or viruses). Finally gene therapy will likely be developed for correction of genetic defects in families by transferring genes to reproductive cells (germ-line). Whether gene therapy will be used for enhancement is questionable, but it does seem inevitable. Presently gene therapy can save lives and in the future it will save more live. But although I have hopes for the positive effects of gene therapy, I have fears about the negative consequences of gene therapy. There are many societal concerns arising from genetic engineering. The public is concerned that insurers will use genetic information to deny, limit, or cancel insurance policies. Also that employers will use genetic information to deny, limit, or cancel insurance policies. But already Ex-President has taken steps to protect citizens from unf air uses of gene therapy. On February 8, 2000 President Clinton signed an executive order prohibiting every federal department and agency from using genetic information in hiring or promoting action. Some skeptics state that germ-line (reproductive) gene therapy experiments would involve too much scientific uncertainty and clinical risks, and the long-term effects of such therapy are unknown. Germ-line therapy should be banned. The problems that arise from future generations such as malformed babies make germ-line therapy intolerable. For now only laboratory and animals are allowed to under go germ-line therapy. Another skeptic might hypothesize that gene therapy is very expensive, and only the wealthy will be allowed the benefits of gene therapy. Presently gene therapy such as making new blood vessels is cheaper than surgery or medicine. Prevention has always been cheaper than treatment. Plus only single-cell gene diseases are currently treatable such as heart disease. This treatme nt is relatively low in cost compared to surgery and rehabilitation. .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959 , .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959 .postImageUrl , .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959 , .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959:hover , .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959:visited , .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959:active { border:0!important; } .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959:active , .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959 .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7032df1f17fc2f8fca512482a0b39959:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Health promotion EssayBibliography:the environmental magazine jan/feb 2001 designing people

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Cambodia and United Nations Essay Example For Students

Cambodia and United Nations Essay Cambodia is a smallcountry located in Southeast Asia bordering the Gulf of Thailand. Cambodia lies between Thailand and Vietnam. It occupies a total areaof 181,040 square kilometers, and out of all of this, only 176,520 squarekilometers are on land. Cambodia has a 2,572-kilometer long landboundary and 443 kilometer coastline. Cambodia has a tropical climate like mostcountries in Southeast Asia. In this tropical climate, there is arainy, monsoon season from May to October. The dry season lasts fromDecember to March. The land terrain in Cambodia is mostly made upof low lands, flat plains, with mountains in the Southwest and north. There is a wide amount of natural resources in Cambodia. The naturalresources include, timber, gemstones, manganese, phosphates, and hydropowerpotential. The main kind of agriculture in Cambodiais subsistence farming. This is where the food you grow on your farmis for your own good. The opposite of subsistence farming is commercialfarming where big industries farm for commercial profit. The Mekongriver floods the fields in the wet season, making the land perfect forgrowing rice, which is their main cash crop. Even though they growa lot of rice, their main export is rubber, and their man import is machinery. Cambodia has a small population comparedto the many states of the United States of America. As of July 1993,Cambodia had a total population of 9,898,900. The nationality, orthe names of the people who live in Cambodia are Cambodian(s). Theprimary ethnic group that makes up 90% of the total population is Khmer. The major religion in Cambodia is Theravada Buddhism. About 95% ofthe people in Cambodia follow this religion. The official languageis Khmer, and French is the second most common language. The French colonized Cambodia for 83 years. Cambodia became independent in November 1953. This was because NorodomSihanuk led a peaceful independence movement against the French. Norodom Sihanuk was the current Prince of Cambodia at that time. Soon after this, a communist group calledthe Khmer Rouge, which was lead by Pol Pot and backed up by the Chinesestepped in. They were in charge of Cambodia for eight years. Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge murder millions of innocent Cambodians. Their rule ended when the Vietnamese took control. The Royal Government of Cambodia administersthe government in Cambodia. There are currently two Prime Ministers,who are Hun Sen, and Ran Narit. This was because after Pol Pot wasover thrown, there was one Prime Minister, but they had conflicts overwho it was supposed to be. The UN later came in and made the twoopposing people both prime Ministers so that there would be no conflict. This started on an internationally supervisedelection in 1993. Cambodia gained its independence on November 1953. This day is its national holiday. The capital of country capitalof Cambodia is Phnom Penh. The national flag has a blue backgroundwith a temple in the middle. A picture of it is on the poster display. The economy in Cambodia is certainly notthe best in the world. It is in fact a very poor country. Cambodiaseconomy is still recovering from a sudden switch to a free-trade marketin 1990, and a cutoff in aid from former Soviet countries. The countrydoes not have that many roads bridges or powerhouses. The countryis not heavily populated within cities. About 90% of all the peoplewho live in Cambodia live on the countryside. These people are highlydependent on subsistence agriculture. The GDP per capita was $289US dollars. .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a , .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a .postImageUrl , .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a , .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a:hover , .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a:visited , .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a:active { border:0!important; } .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a:active , .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc331fee540e87afc2d20cacf3d19790a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Life-Changing Event EssayThe main currency in Cambodia is the reil. The value of the real has been going down for a long time and is very unstable. For example, in 1996, 2620 real equaled one US dollar. The life expectancy of many people in Cambodiais not that high. The reason is because of many diseases, and conflicts,which lead to early deaths. In 1990 the percentage of al the peoplein Cambodia that were older than 15 was 53%. The life expectancyat Birth in 1995 was 51 years of age. Of the 9,898,900 people inCambodia, the adult literacy rate was 65.3%. Communication in Cambodia is not goodat all. There are hardly any telecommunication companies available,and international services are limited to Vietnam and other few countriesonly. Now, commuting from place to place is not as bad. Cambodiahas 612 kilometers of railroads, and 13,351 kilometers of highways. There are also 3,700 kilometers of inland waterways, and ports are availablein Phnom Penh, and Kampong Saom. Cambodia only has nine useable airports. The situation in Cambodia now is not thatgood, but a lot better than how it used to be. It has been over 20years since Vietnam soldiers ended the bloodshed caused by the Khmer Rouge. There are still many killings, which have been caused by grenades or shootingsduring public demonstrations. Recently on Easter Sunday of March30, 1997 in Phnom Penh, there were grenades thrown at a crowd during apublic demonstration, which was supposed to be headed toward Sam Rainsy. Sam Rainsy was the most visible and vocal Human Rights advocate in Cambodia. In this, Easter Sunday Massacre, there were 19 innocent people killed,and over a 100 people injured. The attempt to get Sam Rainsy failed,and all the people in Cambodia waited for the International public to helpout. There has not been much International helpin Cambodia and still the violence and economic problems continue. I seriously think that people should help more than they are doing now,and make this a big situation because many lives are at stake. Myproposal to the United Nations Economic Council is that they start donatingsome money to Cambodia to help out their economy. By building uptheir economy they can use their money to build schools, hospitals, andmore roads. By having educated people, more people could go and getjobs and strengthen the economy even more. My second proposal is towards the HumanRights Council of the United Nations. The Human Rights Council shouldsend food and medical aid to Cambodia. They should and could do thisuntil the economy of Cambodia gets better and good enough to support itsown people. My third proposal to the United Nationsis towards the Security Council. With a lot of violence going onin Cambodia, there needs to be some authority that can take control. The Security Council should send down troops to stop the violence and keepa sort of peace in Cambodia. Truly I think that Cambodia is a nice country,but a nice country with many problems. These problems can of coursebe fixed with a lot of help, which the United Nations can help them with. We will just have to wait and see how Cambodia shapes up.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Fallaciesâ€definitions and examples

Even though logic and reasoning can be relied on for clarity and truth, sometimes there are cases when they can be used in vein or to the advantage of someone’s interests. It is important to consider all possibilities, conditions and outcomes in order to reach a correct conclusion and recognize fallacies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fallacies—definitions and examples specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the examples of the limitations that people are presented with is false dilemma. It arises in a situation where two statements or concepts are supposed and one of them is thought to be false which leads to a logical conclusion that the second one is true. For example, if it is said that a person does not like birds, then they must hate them. This is in no way true because a person might be indifferent or dislike only some types of birds. Another fallacy comes to life when begging the questionà ¢â‚¬â€the argument has and supposes the answer in itself. For example, it is certain that people did not create Earth and all the stars, which means that it must have been God or other intelligent beings. Straw man argument is meant to create a false argument in order to blame someone for something non-existent. It is often used in politics, for example, if someone says that the current government should focus more on international relations, the opponent will accuse the speaker that they are criticizing the present government, in saying that it is unable to make things better in its own country. Logical inconsistency can be seen when someone makes several statements that are connected but make no sense. This might be because they have lost their own logical thinking and are confused or they are trying to confuse others by making unrelated and even opposing statements. For example, someone might say that all people are created equal, politicians are free men, they can do whatever t hey want because there is a constitution and the laws do not mean anything, which describes people’s lives as centered on anarchy.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More None of these statements prove anything or each other; it is just a mix of phrases and ideas that do not follow any logical path. One of the powerful ways to make a point for unsuspecting people is to use fallacious appeal to authority. This is used in relation to a person who is known for something famous, a celebrity, philosopher or even a politician (â€Å"Thinking Straight†). If the president of the United States appears on TV and says that McDonalds is the healthiest choice people can make, this would create false belief, as people trust the president and know that he will not want any harm for the citizens and so, this must be true. A misleading direction is taken when tokenism is used. This means that s omeone resorts to a practice where some idea or usually, a person, is included only so that they could be an example for mostly opposite views. For example, an extremely conservative party consists of all white, high class people who are known to be racist and discriminatory in many other ways. To avoid accusations and appear fair to the society, they include a person from a lower class and from a minority group. This person is used as a token because they are there simply for an excuse and not because they deserve to be included. This is an unjust and egoistic practice. The manipulation of information or omission is also a wrong practice. When using a questionable premise, the whole argument is based on faulty logic. A fact is produced, for example, a person says they were driving 5 miles an hour and so, there is no way they could have done that much damage to another car, this means someone else did it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fallacies—defini tions and examples specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The same can be said when there is suppressed evidence which means a person consciously hides or accidentally forgets some facts. This is often the case in court or politics, when some important evidence is not mentioned. Slippery slope argument supposes that one negative thing will lead to another and even with good intentions something will eventually become bad. For example, if a politician makes a minor, honest mistake, it can be said that this is just the beginning and they will continue to do negative things but in reality, this will not necessarily happen. Appeal to ignorance is arguing a something that cannot be proved or disproved. There is no evidence to say that it is false and that does not make it true and vice versa (â€Å"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy†). For example, it could be said that people have originated on another planet and arrived to Earth. Ad ho minem is an argument that is used against individual’s personal characteristics. It is often used in politics, when someone says that their opponent is not married and this means they do not like women and thus, are gender biased. It has no logical strength and is offensive (â€Å"Stalking the Wild Fallacy†). An extension of this is use of guilt by association. When someone is being judged by whom they are seen with, they are given the same qualities. If someone is seen with rebels, they are also labeled as fighting against government. When it is said that two wrongs make a right, it referrers to using a wrong argument to provide excuse for own actions. It is constantly used in politics when a certain party does something negative for the people and then is judged for it, they bring an example of another party from the past that did the same thing. Just because someone else did it, does not make it right. Common practice is a fallacy that bases itself on the majority o f people.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Simply because many people are doing it, it must be the right thing to do. For example, if the majority of soldiers use their power and authority to steal from the villagers, then it is acceptable for an individual soldier to do the same. Traditional wisdom refers to the fact that if something was done or accepted before, it must be correct presently also. For example, human sacrifices were a part of ancient societies; this means it can be done today. Equivocation is the shift in the meaning of the word or phrase from the beginning of the argument, relative to its meaning in the end. The same word â€Å"dog† can mean a psychical animal and a personal quality. To say that someone is a dog for acting bad, and mean that a person has long tail and shaggy fur—would be a wrongful implication (â€Å"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy†). Irrelevant reasoning is made when a premise does not lead to a conclusion. It also might be unrelated to the previous statements (â⠂¬Å"Thinking Straight†). For example, Ferrari is one of the fastest and most expensive cars, therefore everyone would like to have it. It is false, as people have different tastes and some might prefer SUV’s or vans. Works Cited Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2010. Web. https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#TraditionalWisdom Stalking the Wild Fallacy. 2012. Web. Thinking Straight. 2007. Web. This essay on Fallacies—definitions and examples was written and submitted by user Madison Sargent to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Definition and Examples of Evaluation Essays

Definition and Examples of Evaluation Essays An  evaluation essay is a  composition that offers value judgments about a particular subject according to a set of criteria. Also called  evaluative writing, evaluative essay or report, and critical evaluation essay. An evaluation essay or report is a type of argument that provides evidence to justify a writers opinions about a subject. Any kind of review is essentially a piece of  evaluative writing, says Allen  S. Goose. This type of writing calls for the critical thinking skills of analysis, synthesis, and evaluation (8 Kinds of Writing, 2001).   Observations Without good reasons for liking or disliking certain things, students can never get beyond being passive receivers of marketing, fickle consumers without a basis for their opinions. Writing evaluation papers asks them to question why they feel the way they do.(Allison D. Smith, et al., Teaching in the Pop Culture Zone: Using Popular Culture in the Composition Classroom. Wadsworth, 2009) How to Evaluate If you are evaluating a piece of writing, then you are going to need to thoroughly read the work. While you read the work, keep in mind the criteria you are using to evaluate. The evaluative aspects may be: grammar, sentence structure, spelling, content, usage of sources, style, or many other things. Other things to consider when evaluating a piece of writing is whether the writing appealed to its target audience. Was there an emotional appeal? Did the author engage the audience, or was the piece lacking something? ...If you are evaluating anything else, use your head. You need to try, use, or test whatever thing you are evaluating. That means you should not evaluate a 2005 Chevrolet Corvette unless you have the $45,000 (or more) to buy one, or the money to rent one. You also need the know-how of driving a car of that power and a base of knowledge of other cars that you have tested to compare it to.(Joe Torres, Rhetoric and Composition Study Guide. Global Media, 2007) Identifying Criteria for an Evaluation Make a list of prominent, widely recognized standards for judging your subject. If you do not know the standards usually used to evaluate your subject, you could do some research. For example, if you are reviewing a film, you could read a few recent film reviews online or in the library, noting the standards that reviewers typically use and the reasons that they assert for liking or disliking a film. If you are evaluating a soccer team or one winning (or losing) game, you could read a book on coaching soccer or talk to an experienced soccer coach to learn about what makes an excellent soccer team or winning game.(Rise B. Axelrod and Charles R. Cooper, Axelrod Coopers Concise Guide to Writing, 4th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2006) Ways of Organizing an Evaluation Essay One way to organize an  evaluation essay is  point-by-point: describe one element of the subject and then evaluate it; present the next element and evaluate it; and so on. Comparison/contrast could be an organizing structure as well,  in which you evaluate something by  comparing (or contrasting) it to a known item. Culinary and music reviews often use this strategy.  Chronological organization can be used  for evaluating an event (either current or historical). Sequential organization can be used when describing how something works and evaluating the effectiveness of the process, procedure, or mechanism. Spatial organization can be used for evaluating art  or architecture in which you describe and evaluate one element of the artifact and then move spatially to the next major element to be described and evaluated.(David S. Hogsette,  Writing That Makes Sense: Critical Thinking in College Composition.  Wipf and Stock,  2009)

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Financial Report on HUAYI BROTHERS MEDIA CORPORATION Essay

Financial Report on HUAYI BROTHERS MEDIA CORPORATION - Essay Example In 2011, the company’s current assets amount, 1403.42 was 3.99 times the amount of current liabilities, 351.91. On the other hand, the company’s 2012 current assets amount, 2,562.33 was only 1.66 times the amount of current liabilities, 1,544.15. The financial statement analysis indicates the company’s current ratio had declined between the 2011 and 2012, comparing their 3rd quarter business performances. The current ratio shows that the company has more than enough current assets available to pay the company’s current liabilities (Drury 496). The company’s gross ratio shows the relationship between the company’s net income amount and net sales figures (http://www.google.com/finance?q=SHE:300027&fstype=ii ). In terms of third quarter financial performance, the Huayi Brothers Media Corporation’s net profit margin ratio shows an unfavorable business performance picture. In 2011, the company’s net profit amount, 102.49 was 21 percent of the amount of net sales, 481.30. On the other hand, the company’s 2012 Net Income amount, 130.91 was only 18 percent of the amount of net sales, 707.80. The financial statement analysis indicates the company’s net profit ratio had dropped between the 2011 and 2012, when analyzing their 3rd quarter financial operations (Drury 185). The above return on investment graph shows how long the company will be able to recover its investments (http://www.google.com/finance?q=SHE:300027&fstype=ii). Recovering the investments in a shorter recovery time is better than a longer recovery time period. In terms of third quarter financial performance, the Huayi Brothers Media Corporation’s return on investment ratio shows an unfavorable business performance picture. In 2011, the company’s net profit amount, 102.49 was 7percent of the amount of Total Assets, 1,403.42. On the other hand, the company’s 2012 Net Income amount, 130.91 was only 18 percent of the amount of net sales, 707.80. The financial statement

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Speech. Limit Sex in Advertising to the public Essay

Speech. Limit Sex in Advertising to the public - Essay Example Nonetheless, the companies found themselves on constant competition with visual promotions in both television and print media. One thing that differentiated one company advert from the other was the sex appeal employed. Reichert and Lambiase (2002, p. 25) defines sex appeal advertising as the form of advertising that draws customer’s attention through the use of sexual appeals that have been used as a form of communication technique. It almost goes without saying that contemporary customers are acquainted to more sex in advertising than ever before. This inclination of escalating use of sexual oriented topics and ideas is evident upon inspection of the broadcast and print media. In essence, marketers employ the use of romantic themes, nudity, or implicative ideas or topics to acquire the attention of its consumers. Though the use of sex in advertising has numerous advantages, limited research has been directed towards its implications on the society. In reference to Reichert and Lambiase (2002, p. 35), the use of sex appeal advertising has numerous significant public policy, social, and managerial implications. These propositions pivot the preferred depiction of women in the modern society, the circumstance under which marketers and advertisers should not use sexual themes in communicating with its consumers. For this reason, those impacted most by the sex appealing adverts are the women, both young and old, and not the targeted consumers. To the young women with developing and growing ideologies and bodies, sex appealing advertisements portraying women in a sexual explicit manner, whether fully clothed or nude, an imperative wrong is being executed. For the young and shapeable women, Jacobson and Mazur (1995, p. 79) notes that their perception of what they should wear, how they should look and how they should act is influenced, all with the assumption that

Monday, November 18, 2019

Human Relations - Conflict Resolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Relations - Conflict Resolution - Essay Example For example, Heitler (1993) focuses a lot of attention on the psychological aspects of a conflict and Varney (1989) gives similar ideas in his own research. It is noted that the primary sources of conflict are based in miscommunications, the relationship of the people involved in the situation and personal biases. All of these are linked directly to psychological issues and thus it may be possible to handle the situation with the tools used by psychologists. The ideas presented in the book are also in agreement with those presented by Nelson (1995) who gives several approaches to resolving conflicts amongst which the first is to directly confront the problem of the conflict. Psychologically, conflicts may be difficult to bring out to the open but handling them in an objective manner and then deconstructing the issue for a resolution may be the best way to go. Heitler (1993) also links conflicts to emotions and the approach given by PDI (1999) is no different since the approach seeks to build understanding rather than to accept the conflict as a given. If there is understanding between conflicting parties, it would be possible for them to see each other’s viewpoint and then empathize with each other about how one solution could be acceptable to all parties involved in the conflict. Such inclusion would certainly create a win-win situation that would certainly be taken by all individuals who are seeking fair play and justice. The book goes into a lot of depth about how bargaining and negotiations can be used to arrive at a settlement of many issues but in certain cases, a bargain may even have to be enforced in the case where there is a clear guilty party. However, in most cases the conflict will need to be resolved with negotiations and bargaining where individuals can present their own solutions to the problems they have. The person mediating the conflict then has to see which parts of the two possible

Friday, November 15, 2019

The Global Expansion Of Toyota Marketing Essay

The Global Expansion Of Toyota Marketing Essay Using one specific company with which you are familiar, examine the actual and potential impacts of globalization on that company. Explain the reasoning behind the points you make. Evaluate possible strategies going forward which the company might use to respond to impacts of globalization you have identified. Globalization can be described as a historical transformation in political, social, economy and cultural diversity (J.H. Mittelman, 2001). The United Nations on the other hand to describe globalization as a concept that refers both to an increasing flow of goods and resources across national borders and to the emergence of completely set of organizational structures to manage the expanding network of international economic activities and transactions (UNCTAD, 1997a, p. 70). In simple terms it is a process of interaction and integration among peoples, companies and different countries. Which includes the corporate strategies, consumption patterns, regulatory capabilities and governance, technology, the globalization of financial markets, and socio-cultural processes. The globalization can be detected from the increase of manufacturing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and financial capital flows. In todays business environment, most of companys activities are naturally become globally. Gradually, organizations have recognized that globalization creates unlimited opportunities of worldwide market. However at the mean time, its also brings negative parts such as: highly competitive environment and threats. On this paper, the Toyota Motor corporation being chosen as reference company, where based on China market to identify what is exist and potential effect of globalization on business, and provide possible solutions for Toyota sustainable development. While, the PEST analysis tool will apply for Toyotas business situation analysing to explain how Toyota influence by political, social, economic, and technological. The multinational enterprise (MNE). A multinational corporation (MNC), sometimes called a transnational corporation(TNC). Is a company that has headquarters in home country but manages production in other counties. In the past two decade, the multi-national corperation (MNCs) plays a role of monopoly, they were able to get business advantages from host country by using the colonial power. In other word, they can get concessions from host countries by using home governments influence (Ohmae, 1995). Whereas, since the rapid growth in world trade and investment, this colonial power no longer existed. Instead, the world market becomes to more competitive. Most importantly, the rising of global practice and thinking between companies and countries has made business interests and orientations more necessary than ever (Abbas, J. 2000). Background on Toyota Since the rapid development of global integration the automobile industry becomes one of the worlds most important economic sectors by revenue. Toyota is one of representative multinational enterprise in the world. Its established in 1937 by Sakichi Toyoda, till present day Toyota was conducts both domestic and global marketing with 52 oversea manufacturing companies in 27 countries. Toyota market and sold the vehicles approximate 7 million in more than 170 countries every year, worldwide employees is 320.808 (Annual report, 2009). As a market leader Toyota holding 15 per cent market share among all the other automobile brands (Business week, 2009).The key success element of Toyota is commitment to designing, engineering and build cars to every target market area. Due to this reason Toyota faced great impact from globalization; the impact can be both negative and positive and differs by context such as new markets, cheaper location for investment, multi-choice of suppliers for raw ma terial and services, and cheaper labor cost. However it can also carry the negative parts. First, the world automobile market is change in economic conditions affecting, and highly competitive environments in which Toyota operates. Second the market highly volatile. Last the global auto crisis was seriously hit down Toyotas market profit. The Global Expansion of Toyota In 2008, Toyota to officially become world largest automaker, the rapid expansion is the main reason Toyota able to overtake GM as worlds top car firm. Toyota operated business across the entire world, which including: Sales vehicle in Africa and Russia and sales leader in Australia. Toyota were Launched Lexus and SCION in United States and norther American market. Figure Toyota sales by region. (Source: Toyota annual report, 2009) In recent years, Toyota has focus on global market expansion, especially, China market. Because the tendency of Chinese consumption pattern is change. Toyota FDI in China. China overtake United States become to new fdi destination by 2004. This is due to the China adoption reform and opening up policy in the late 1970. Toyota believes that Chinas market is potentially as large as the U.S. Market. Toyota aims consistently increase investment in China to grow production capacity and add to product lineup along with begin to produce Camry at Guangzhou Toyota Motor Co., Ltd on May 2006. According to XinHua News report that Toyota intend to invest about $700 million in its first fully-fledged research and Development base (RD) in China. Because, Toyota wants to increase the production in China. Since 2005, Toyota through the form of join-venture with Chinese company (FAW Group Corporation) to build first plant in SiChuan province until now, Toyota was invested to build seven plants in China, and another six plants of Toyota also joint-ventures with FAW. Toyota establish oversea plant in response to incentives such as tariffs, reduction of labour cost, and Toyota production system The PEST analysis on Toyota Political The auto industry is subject to various governmental rules and policies. The political environment of China does favor enterprises with foreign investment. According to Government policy 2009, the Chinese government levies low tax on enterprise with foreign investment, and preferential tax policies are offered to the sectors and regions where investment is encourage by the state. And the low tax policy reflected in three aspects: income tax, circulation tax, and import-stage value-added tax. At the same time, the China government announced several preferential policies to encourage auto consumption, which include the people who living countryside can enjoy 10% subsidy of the original vehicle price for their buy it. Second, the tax of purchase small-displacement vehicles was cut from 10% to 5% (Chinavestor, 2010). These preferential policies stimulated auto consumption significantly, and attract more foreign automobile company invest in China. On the other hand, government play the role of savior. For example, the government bailout policy: in 2009, Toyota was require for emergency loan from the Japan Bank, with the amount of more than 3 billion US dollars. The purpose of the emergency loan is to dealing with cash flow problem or some other cases. Economic The Peoples Republic of China is the second biggest economy in the world (first is United States), and it is worlds fastest-growing economy as well with annual economic growth averaging nearly 9% over the last three decade. The role of China in the world are the factory of the world, because China provides a cheap labour cost, and low cost base for export-oriented production. The major advantage of Toyota is the strong cash position. However, if compare with GM, Toyota still existed weak credit ratings, rising health-care and pension costs, and losses in its automotive division. Toyota expects through use its strong cash position to expanding all over the world increase its commitment to RD. Social The population of China is beyond one billion, it is a largest country in the world by population. The households size: 3.1, total households in China were 351,233,698, as we know the Toyota segmenting group is Households, usually, this group of people in China have middle or upper of income level with good education background age around 25 to 65. Technological The Toyota product line consist of: Electric technology, Plug-in hybrids, All-electric vehicles, Cars, Pickup trucks, Luxury-type vehicles. Toyota is one of largest automobile companies to promote hybrid vehicles in the market. Beside the production lineup, there are have one more important factor able to shapes technology adoption at Toyota plants, which are governments foreign investments control power. The business in China, Chinese government controls type of technological standards on firms operating in the country. The impact of globalization on Toyota. Operating in global market is a challenge for Toyota. Even though the globalization created unlimited opportunities for Toyota, but the adverse affect should not be ignored. The impact of exchange rates on Toyota. The currency exchange rates are very powerful can affect trade investment, finance, tourism, oversea economic transactions, import and export prices of goods and services. Toyota attaches great importance to the fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates and this is particularly evident in fluctuation between the value of the Japanese yen, the U.S. dollar, Chinese Yuan, and the euro. The negative impact resulting from fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates may affect Toyotas global performance. The following table illustrates Japanese yen per $1.00 during the periods display Fiscal Year Ended or Ending March 31. At End of Period Average (of month-end rates) (Â ¥ per $ 1.00) High Low 2005 107.22 107.28 114.30 102.26 2006 117.48 113.67 120.93 104.41 2007 117.56 116.55 121.81 110.07 2008 99.85 113.61 124.09 96.88 2009 99.15 100.85 110.48 87.80 2010 (through June 19,2009) 96.15 96.82 100.71 94.45 (Source: Toyota annual report 2009) This table shows that, the yen has been strong when translation with US dollars. According to Toyotas annual financial statement, which clearly present a financial situation of Japanese yen are affected by translation risk and foreign currency transaction risk. The fluctuation of foreign currency change rates may affect the price of Toyotas products in worldwide market and use foreign currencies to purchases materials. Since 2009, Japan central bank to show sign of Japanese yen will further appreciates against U.S. dollars. It can cause adverse effect to Toyotas reported operating results and financial condition. Because Japanese yen is rapidly, consistently appreciates against other foreign currencies that will force Toyota to markup the price of all the export products. But the rapid increase value of Japanese yen can have favorable effect on material purchased, but it only inside of Japan. For Toyota oversea operations still suffered with high raw materials, and gasoline, due to the profit margins was fallen, when translated from dollars back to yen. The impact of consumer preferences on Toyota (Source: Annual Repot, 2006) This table illustrate that, Toyota has build different product line across the China to fulfill local market demand. The consumer preferences are one of the most important factors shaping international production for Toyota. The trend of distinct national preferences is spread every corner of the world. The homogeneity of preferences lead to Toyotas product reduces the benefits of manufactory in China, because of complicated relationship between car design and differences in consumer preferences as a typical example, the Ford promote new car Mondeo to the worldwide but the sales was not good as they expected, because Ford neglected focus localizing production. In particular, after the second oil crisis, Toyota was enhance the production aims to provide an effective and creative production design to gain more market share in China (i.e., Toyotas Corolla produce by global platform and modified for different region to match consumers needs). But Toyota has ignored the preferences are not yet homogeneous across all of China, even in the target region, there are have several differences local tastes of demand. In contrast, the Hondas Accord is also use the global platform but modified the cars exterior body to different specific market area, thus, Honda has completely different automobile production line for each target market, i.e., the difference platforms between Japan, Thailand and China. Due to this reason Toyota fall into extremely passive position compare to other competitors. The Impact of United States Financial Crisis on Toyota . The United States financial crisis of 2007 has considered being the worst economic crisis since the 1930s great depression. The main factor trigger of the financial crisis was the United States real estate bubble was busted, caused property price tied by the value of securities, then the price of house was decline straightly, not only America this financial tsunami has wave to the entire world. Which contributed consumer lost approximate hundreds of billions of U.S. Dollar, several key businesses have failed, and the stock markets have fallen significantly. Obviously, the financial crisis has been hit down United States economy heavily; even the bailout of banks by national government has measured. But the financial markets havent showed the sign of recovery. As biggest auto-maker in north America Toyota was faced an unprecedented situation by the financial recession. The adverse results are largely, the vehicle sale hardest hit in northern America and Europe market with drop in sales of 673 thousand vehicles() especially, the sales of Toyotas luxury division Lexus was drop significantly. Moreover, increase price of crude oil and iron and steel raw material impact Toyotas operation, this fiscal year was drop 68 percent of benefits compare with previous fiscal year and according to Toyota annual report, the net profit loss of 4.2 billion U.S dollars (Toyota Annual Report, 2009). Last the financial market recession resulted negative impacts to Toyotas accumulation of capital. Due to the financial downturn, the organizations or financial institutions may unable to provide capital to the market. The impact from competitive environment to Toyota. Figure:share of U.S. Auto market. (Source) According to this pie chart, GM, which is 18.2%, is the biggest automaker in U.S. among all the motor corporations, then is Toyota with 15.8%, followed by Ford, making up 14.3%: and the next coming is Chrysler at 12.1%. From the pie chart is obviously shows that the big three automaker are still the largest domestic producers which making up 44.6% market share. The United States market always has been a prime concern for Toyota.. Due to its trade liberalization, highly developed, market demand(U.S. Auto market is about ten times bigger than the Canadian market). Especially, the demanding of Toyota luxury division Lexus was increased in recent years. However the U.S. automotive market is highly competitive at least fifteen auto company was market their product in U.S. market. Toyota as a foreign brand faces intense competition from other competitors. The highly competitive business environment lead to cause lower vehicle units sales and inventory backlog. This caused Toyota downward price pressure. The factors influence competition including: quality of product, post-purchase services, and reliability. However, Toyota faced unexpectedly quality problem with sudden unintended acceleration, which caused Toyota economic damages nearly $7 billion, the 94,000 vehicles has been recalled. Sustainability development of Toyota Establishment of Global Special Committee for Global Quality control Implemented approaches to address a deterioration in information gathering and information sharing practices between headquarters and the regional offices. These problem are seen to be the harmful side effects of the rapid globalization. The function of this committee are restructure the quality management system Strategies of interest rate swaps and localized in respond to fluctuation of Money exchange rate. In order to reduce the adverse affect of fluctuation foreign currency exchange rates, Toyota use some certain derivative financial tool such as interest rate swaps and increase the target market production of localized. Likewise, increase the investment in target market to increase production capacity and build local raw material supply chain, that can as possible as minizing losses on currency translation. Nonetheless, the adverse affect still existed, Toyota have to maintain a high level of vigilance the dynamics of international exchange market. Product diversification in respond to highly competitive auto market. In the highly competitive global business environment, Conclusion In todays global business environment multinational enterprise become more important, because countries adoption of opening oriented to promote the economic growth by attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The multinational enterprise plays the role of investor between countries. Whereas, the business environment will become more competitive follow with the increased FDI. As the world forth largest multinational enterprise, Toyota faced several affect from globalization, which can be classified as political, government regulations, economic environment, social lifestyle, and technological factors. Due to those of factor Toyota will continue to seek the way of sustainable development that use some strategy or approach to solve problems, such as, open a new market with innovative product. But there are not ensure Toyota will have a bright future. Car sales around the world in 2009: mostly down . The Truth About Cars. Retrieved 2010-09-09. Automobile Industry Introduction. Plunkett Research. 2008. Retrieved 2010-09-09. World Factbook; Japan-Economy. CIA. 2010.09.05 Retrieved 2010.09.05 Byars, L., 1991. Strategic Management, Formulation and implementation-Concepts and Cases. New York: HarperCollins Johnson, G., Scholes, K., 1993. Exploring Corporate Strategy-Text and Cases. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice-Hall Toyota, 2006. Geared toward Continuing Growth, Annual report 2005-2006. Japan: Tyouta Toyota., 2009. The Right Way Forward, Annual Report 2009. Japan: Toyota Toyota, 2010. Sustainability Report 2009-2010. Japan: Toyota EcPulse., 2010. Toyota to Invest $700 Million for RD in China. General Forex News.[online] 22 November. Available at: [Accessed 11 November 2010] BEST CARS., 2010. Internal Toyota Documents Show Political Influence Lobbying.[online](updated 22 February 2010) Available at: [Accessed 12 November 2010] Ganz, A., 2010. TOYOTA BUILDING 7TH CHINA PLANT. [onlibne] LEFT LANE NEWS.[online] 21 June. Available at: [Accessed 12 November 2010] Kulkarni, A., 2009. Positive Effects of Globalization. [online] Buzzle. Available at: [Accessed 16 November 2010] The Development Principles Group., 2009. Economic Environment in China.[online](updated 2009) Available at: [Accessed 16 November 2010] Elizabeth, C. 2003. Chinas Environmental Challenge: Political Social and Economic Implications.[online] New York:Council on Foreign Relations(published 2003) Available at: [Accessed 17 November 2010] Judy, Z., 2010. Chinas Auto Companies: Will the Legend of 2009 Continue?[online](updated 05 May 2010) Available at: [Accessed 17 November 2010] China Through A lens., 2009. What are the preferential policies offered to enterprises with foreign investment?[online] Available at: [Accessed 18 November] http://www.philforhumanity.com/Globalization_of_the_U.S.A..html http://ideas.repec.org/p/kie/kieliw/1093.html http://www.allbusiness.com/management/benchmarking-key-business-process-benchmarking/219142-1.html www.wikinvest.com/industry/Auto_Makers http://www.robroad.com/light-industry/index.php/financial-crisis-industry-japan/ http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Toyota_Motor_(TM)/Toyotas%20Operations%20Subject%20Currency%20Interest%20Rate%20Fluctuations http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/world-news/japan-auto-sales-fallsept-india-strong_488274.html http://factsanddetails.com/japan.php?itemid=930catid=24subcatid=157 http://news.frbiz.com/financial_crisis_in_the_automobile-173677.html http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/business/news/article_1448578.php/Toyota_cutting_costs_to_withstand_financial_crisis_sales_drop http://www.themotorreport.com.au/11817/financial-crisis-prompts-toyota-to-cut-earnings-forecast

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Watching A Disappearing Number in Theater Essay -- Simon McBurney

Choose one production that you have seen and which you particularly enjoyed and discuss the aspects which made it so successful. A Disappearing Number I went to see a Disappearing Number, in the Theater. The production was performed by Complicite and was directed by Simon McBurney. I really enjoyed this performance. I thought that the mixture of maths and romance as well as the structure of the performance by incorporating the past and the present together, was extremely successful. The most successful aspect of the performance for me were the scene changes. I found that the rotation of the blackboard, center stage, where the actors were able to stoop beneath it in order to enter and exit the stage, was an effective touch to this non naturalistic performance. When this was first used, at the end of the first scene, when the characters Ruth and Al left the stage, I thought it didn't quite fit as at the beginning the style was leaning towards realism. But as the play progressed and the acting style became more and more non naturalistic, and this rotation of the black board technique was used more frequently it fitted in really well and became really effective. Later on in the performance when Ramanujan and Hardy are introduced, again the scene changes were quick, swift and rapid. Screens were used to conceal the actors as they came on to the stage and then conceal the other actors as they left the stage. The two different scenes which the screens helped to alternate between were Ramanujan, a remarkable mathematician, living in one of the poorest areas of India and the prominent mathematician, G.H Hardy in Cambridge, two people who were in correspondence with each other. Since each of the scenes were short, the use of t... ...was taken away so suddenly. And pain, for moving on. When Al got to the river the projected image of water is repeated. This recurring image from when Ramanujan dies in the past is brought forward into the present storyline making the link between the past and present even stronger. Because this is a repeated image, the water becomes a metaphor for death, the death of Ramanujan and the death of Ruth and her baby. This scene is a peaceful scene even with this metaphor attached. The audience gets to empathise with Al as he lets go of the past and moves on. Imagery is key in this final scene. The sand that each of the characters pour out from various objects, Al pouring from the cremation box and Ramanujan pouring from his tablet, shows the passing of time. A final connection between the two parts to the performance, the past and the present, the key to the whole play.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

College Players Should Get Paid Essay

In the world, college athletics grows and continues to bring large financial benefits to colleges, universities and even sponsors. This leads to many debates concerning the payment of the athletes. Some people think that scholarship paid to colleges for these student athletes is enough while others claim that the payments might make them to leave the college early for participating in the athletics. Division 1 college athletes should be paid. College athletes put their bodies on the line just like the pros do. Wide receiver Martin Brown tears his ACL and his career in football is over. Defensive tackle Eric Legrand gets paralyzed from the neck down and his career in football is over. Wide receiver Dante Love gets a spinal injury and ends his career in football. Players do a lot for their communities. Like the Santa Ana college football team devoted a whole weekend volunteering in two charity events. Last year Ohio State did community service for a total of about 6,496 hours. Ole Miss has a program call The Ole Miss Rebel Reading Program where they read to local elementary schools. The college athletes bring in a lot of money to their institutions. The players should receive some of this money because without them the schools cannot be able to receive all the popularity and the money. College athletes make enough money for colleges that it would not hurt to give some back. They should take better care of their student-athletes by paying them for their services. Many College athletes live in poverty because the money they get is not sufficient enough to pay for all of the expenses and basic necessities. The athletes that graduate from colleges stay because their parents support them by giving or sending money to them. If college athletes are paid, there would be more athletes graduating from colleges. Paying athletes would be good for everyone and players would be forced to go for college education instead of only concentrating on the sports. The colleges athletes are not allowed to work hence do not get money to purchase the necessities. This leads to players accepting any illegal money, cars, clothes, etc. Most college athletes don’t turn professional, so the athletes won’t have any working experience when they get into the real world. This would give the non-athletes and advantage in the working world over the athletes. Most of the athletes that have the opportunity to leave school and turn professional do so, because college athletes live in near poverty. To avoid all the illegal gains, the athletes should be paid. Maryland’s Gary Williams says â€Å"†¦. some of these guys are pretty poor coming here, and a lot of college students have some money — you feel out of place, you don’t feel competitive academically sometimes, and I think it could do a lot of good† If colleges don’t pay the athletes the professional leagues should. Professional leagues such as the NBA, NHL, NFL, and MLB use colleges as minor leagues. Most of the players in these leagues come from universities across the U.S.A. Since the leagues get the athletes from the universities, they should pay them the same way they league players. College athletes should receive money for all of their needs, or if they can’t do this the athletes should be given the opportunity to work, which will assist them, learn about working in real world.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Air Pollution in Mexico City Essays

Air Pollution in Mexico City Essays Air Pollution in Mexico City Paper Air Pollution in Mexico City Paper 2005). More than 20% of Mexico entire population lives in its capital and more than 0 % of the countrys industrial output is produced here (Edgerton et al. N. Although Mexico City is considered one of the worlds largest cities, it is still growing at a rate exceeding 3% annually. Moreover, the number of vehicles daily traveling on its streets makes up more than three million (Edgerton, et al. , n. D). All the factors listed above contribute to Mexico Citys poor air quality. Mexico City is a perfect example of one of the burgeoning cities that experience severe air pollution. The ozone concentration in Mexico City is one of the highest in the world, being more than four times higher than the accepted norms. Particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and some other harmful gases also exceed the Mexican health advisory level (Walsh, 1999). Nevertheless, comprehensive air quality management programs since 1 990 have contributed to major reductions in the concentrations Of some pollutants such as lead, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide (Nominal Nominal, n. D. ). Sulfur in diesel fuel has been reduced from 0. 5% to 0. 05%. Many old buses and trucks of Mexico City were replaced by newer ones powered by more modern and cleaner engines. In addition, unleaded fuel was introduced at that time to make the vehicle emissions elatedly cleaner (Edgerton et al, n. Although the above measures contributed to a slight positive change in Mexico Citys air quality, serious air pollution problems still persist. The poor quality of air is the result of several factors: emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels in motor vehicles and for industrial processes, energy production, high dust levels due to local constructions, population groom (Nominal Nominal, n. Those human demands on the ecosystem are changing the landscape with important atmospheric consequences as well as causing threat to human health. People suffer from various diseases starting from insignificant ones like headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions to more serious ones like chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys (How can air pollution hurt my health? , n. Although it is not possible to determine the total impact of Mexico Cues poor air quality on public health, McKinley et al. 2005) calculated that only a 10% reduction Of particulate matter in the air would save 3,000 lives and 10,000 new cases of chronic bronchitis each year, and that reduction of ozone loud save 300 lives. As approximately 80% of particulate matter and nitrogen oxide, 45% of volatile organic compounds, and 30% of sulfur dioxide come from mobile sources, their emissions level should be reduced (McKinley et al. , 2005). One of the possible solutions to reduce air pollution from vehicles is to continue enforcing legal regulations concerning air pollution prevention. As mentioned above, Mexico Citys government has taken several measures and attempted various programs in order to decrease the level of air pollution in the city. The first plan Program Integral era el Control De Ia Contamination n Tomatoes Rica (PICA) was started in 1990 and had major attainments, including the introduction of two-way catalytic converters, the phase-out of leaded gasoline, and the establishment of vehicle emissions standards (McKinley et al. , 2005). The second program, PREPARE 1995-2000 (Program Para Major la cyclical del Eire en el valley De Me OIC Program to Improve Air Quality in the Valley of Mexico) had other major accomplishments, such as the introduction of methyl tertiary butyl ether (METE) in gasoline to improve combustion efficiency, and carried out extractions on the aromatic content of fuels and on the sulfur content in industrial fuel (McKinley et al. , 2005). These programs have had significant impact on reduction of air pollution in the city. That is why more of these kinds of programs should be implemented in Mexico City, so the city can finally reduce the levels of air pollution to acceptable norms. For instance, the government should implement policies concerning taxis. According to Connelly (1999), taxis and individual cars that replaced traditional buses are the most polluting of all forms of transport. Approximately 110,000 taxis circulate the streets of Mexico City (McKinley et al. , 2005, p. 1955). Because of the large number of kilometers traveled each day by taxis, their emissions are quite high. Even though taxis account for only 3. % of Mexico Citys vehicle fleet, the their emissions make 3. 6% of particulate matter, 11 of sulfur dioxide, 10. 7% of carbon monoxide, 10. 2% of nitrogen oxide and 14% of volatile organic compounds of all transportation related emissions (McKinley et al. , 2005). Thus, all the taxis around the city have to be diminished. Instead of taxis, the government should provide the residents tit more buses and minibuses. The advantage of this policy is obvious: if there would be no taxis traveling in the city, less harmful gases would be emitted. Moreover, the analysis made by McKinley et al. 2005) suggests that a turnover of the taxi fleet due to its size and age would benefit from over $70 million US in reduced health impacts from air pollution, and would also benefit from fuel savings, whose costs summed up together, is greater than this measures investment cost. However, there are several drawbacks to this solution. Firstly, taxis are very convenient for people who do not have their win car to travel around more efficiently or to travel to places, which locations are not known to you. For instance, taxis are very beneficial for the tourists who do not know the city. Moreover, most people earn money by working as a taxi driver and total ban of taxis would deprive them of their way of earning money. Therefore, most people might disagree with this policy and solution generally. Another possible solution is to pass the law on telecommuting. Telecommuting or telethon basically means working from a place rather than traditional office environment, usually from home. The stance traveled by a person is a significant factor in air pollution because less distance traveled, less undesirable gases are emitted. As telecommuters work from home, they tend to travel less often. The research indicates that on the telecommuting days, the distance traveled by vehicles is decreased by 76%. Consequently, there are fewer gas emissions: to be more precise, there is a reduction by 64% of total organic gases, 63% of carbon monoxide and 73% of oxides of nitrogen (Sympathy, Saxons Nomination, 1991). Other advantages of telecommuting are that it can be implemented now, as it does to require any expanded planning, design and construction; it is relatively inexpensive to implement; it expands personal choices rather than restricting them, by offering them more flexibility in work and lifestyle (Sympathy et al. 1991). However, some employers and employees would disagree with this solution because there are some disadvantages. Firstly, telecommuting may incite legal issues between organization and employers. Some of the issues they may face are workplace safety and compensation issues (Mills, Wong-Ellison, Werner Clay, 2001 The organization cannot guarantee employees saf ety because employee works out of the office. And if any accident happened to the employee, the organization would not want to compensate employees medical expenses because the employee cannot prove that the accident coco red in the scope of employment. Secondly, lack of interaction with co-workers and isolation from society due to telecommuting, can have negative affects on individuals behavior and attitudes as well as can lead to negative consequences, like anxiety, depression, and even physical ailments (Gained, Kelley Hill, 1999). Moreover, not all jobs are suitable for telecommuting and some employers slide supervising employees they cannot see (Mills, et al. , 2001 Nevertheless, telecommuting should be considered as one of the possible solution, because it is a perfect way to reduce vehicle traveling during the day, consequently reducing air pollution levels. The last, but not the least possible solution is to replace gasoline usage in the city with hydrogen fuel. The transportation sector is currently consuming gasoline and diesel at high rates. More than half of the globally used oil is used for transportation (Kurtosis Kari, 2006). The harmful emissions to the environment are uh to its usage. Therefore, alternative fuels should be used more. Some types of alternative fuels are biological (methanol, ethanol), bodiless and hydrogen. Kurtosis and Kari (2006) compared the fuels listed above and came to conclusion that the use of hydrogen as a fuel would be the most beneficial one. A transition from fossil fuels to hydrogen would decrease the air pollution level because almost zero emissions occur, with water being the only by-product. In addition, hydrogen is the most abundant element on the Earth, so there should not be concerns about running out of its stocks. Moreover, car industries should produce more automobiles with a hydrogen- powered internal combustion engine. Currently, BMW is the only one. BMW also made the automobile to be powered either by hydrogen or gasoline, as the availability of hydrogen refueling stations is low (Kurtosis Kari, 2006). However, there are several disadvantages to this solution. Firstly, hydrogen made from electrolysis of water is very expensive. At 25 C, 65 watt- hours are needed to electrolyte one mole of water, which is 4. KHz of electricity to generate one cubic meter of hydrogen. This electricity comes room the alternator which of course is powered by the engine, which uses energy (Kurtosis Kari, 2006). So, fuel economy is decreased by the same means you are trying to improve fuel economy. But there is an alternative way to produce hydrogen, which is to split the water molecules through the use of wind or solar energy, what is less expensive (Kurtosis Kari, 2006). Another disadvantage is that the number of hydrogen refueling stations is very low. So, if individual runs out of the gas, it will be difficult to find a station to refuel the automobile immediately. To construct ewe hydrogen gas stations will require the government to allocate huge amounts of money. Winter (2006) estimated a hydrogen station construction to cost from $500,000 to over $5 million, depending on station size (30 keg/day 1 ,OHO keg/day). This amount includes the capital costs, installation costs, feedstock costs and fixed operating costs. Despite the disadvantages, producing and using hydrogen instead of gasoline holds the promise of pollution reduction in Mexico City. Mexico City is often said to be the most polluted city in the world. It certainly does pose serious environmental threats o its survival as a city, but it affects regional and global air quality levels as well. Therefore, specific measures have to be taken in order to reduce the air pollution level. There are some basic solutions that could be used, like continue enforcing legal regulations, pass a low on telecommuting and use hydrogen fuel instead of gasoline. All of these have already been implemented and we know that they will work for the environment. Therefore, the government should enforce these solutions and stop the air pollution in Mexico City.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Marketing Theory Case of The Coca Cola Company The WritePass Journal

Marketing Theory Case of The Coca Cola Company Introduction Marketing Theory Case of The Coca Cola Company IntroductionMarketing OrientationThe marketing environmentSocial-cultural environmentEconomic/competitiveTechnological environment/innovation affectingMarketing MixProductPricing The Coca-Cola Companies’ Competitive Pricing Strategy PromotionSWOT AnalysisStrengthsWeaknesses: Opportunities: Threats: ConclusionReference and BibliographyRelated Introduction This report focuses on specific marketing theory, relevant to The Coca Cola Company, marketing theory include Marketing Orientation, Marketing Mix, Marketing environment and SWOT analysis. The author will make analysis of these theories, with an application to the attitudes and marketing decisions of The Soft-Drinks Manufacturer. Marketing Orientation This is when a company takes into account its customers’ needs when making decisions concerning their services they offer and items of sale. There are many benefits of doing this, as the product will more likely meet the needs of their targeted audience, therefore consumers will be more willing to by the product, there is more of a guarantee the product will sale. However in previous decades, many businesses have opted for a product-orientation approach, this is when a company is more concerned with the production of the product, and the systems that are used in its production. (The Times 100, n.d) (The Times 100, n.d) states in the recent decades many companies had preferred to be more product-orientated than customer-orientated, because of the increase in competitiveness within the market, these companies that adopted this orientation were losing out, as a company within a competitive market can only should strive to develop products that suit their audience needs, in failing to do so, they will lose customers fast in the competitive market, this demonstrates the need for products to be more consumer focused especially if a company is operating in a competitive marketing environment, if a company prides itself on the quality of its services and products, through   the usage of new expensive technologies for example, then it would be understandable as to why they would continue to be product orientated. (The Times 100, n.d) Some companies are adopting both orientations, taking into account both the expectations and needs of the customer as well as the quality of product for the item of sale. According to the source, many companies like Coca-Cola are moving towards market (customer) and product orientation, in doing this Coca-Cola conduct marketing research to find out their consumer interests and desires, in finding this they will make amends to the production of their product depending on what the results show the marketing managers. (The Times 100, n.d) The marketing environment Social-cultural environment This is the environment that focuses on the understanding of their target audience; the study of this environment will help Coca-Cola understand what motivate consumers to buy their soft-drinks. Coca-Cola is also influenced by society views, for instance because of the issues surrounding the among of sugars presented in Food and Drink,   and the Food Standards Agency, the production of Coca-Cola drinks now contain less sugars, and any other ingredients that are deemed artificial and bad for Health. (Brassington, Petttitt, 2007) According to sources, the Food Standard Agency had in recent years opted for Drink companies to sell their fizzy drinks in smaller quantities, this was in response to the ongoing obesity crisis in the United Kingdom. ‘Drinks with added sugar such as cans of fizzy pop, should be sold in smaller 250ml cans alongside the standard 330ml, it was recommended.’ (Smith, 2010) a study of the social-cultural environment will also lead to an understanding of the demographics.   (Brassington, Petttitt, 2007) Economic/competitive This is the environment that allows companies to identify both macroeconomic and microeconomic situations in the market, the influences are different, it can affect the sources of long-term and short-term finances available to Coca-Cola, the influences can also effect the consumer demand from their customers, for instance the credit crunch had decreased the among of expenditure available to consumers. (Brassington, Petttitt, 2007) during 2008 Coca-Cola had suffered from economic influences due to the crunch, in which it was estimated that their Bottled water products were experiencing less demand, in key markets such as the US and Europe.   Because of the credit crunch bottled water had experienced a high sales growth in 2007, but ‘middle-classed wallets were squeezed down by the economic downturn’. (Anon, 2008) How Coca-Cola responded to the influences. Coca-Cola has what is described as a financial muscle, the business was at the time was predicted to not be effected by the ‘economic storm’ as their international competitors, this was arguably because of their successful approach towards brand positioning, which has allowed them to still obtain promotional support, without being disrupted by the economic downturn. (Anon, 2008)Other influences that can be either positive or negative include government policy, taxation, and interest rates.   (Brassington, Petttitt, 2007) Technological environment/innovation affecting Coca-Cola and many businesses in general, have had new marketing opportunities, because of the advances of technology, such influences are mostly positive, as the production and manufacturing costs of their drinks are mostly likely to have decreased. (Brassington, Pettitt, 2007) In regard to product of products, technology has also helped increase the product quality, which is important to a company such as Coca-Cola who may focus on product-orientation.   For instance, the soft drink’s company experienced new technological advances which allowed them to preserve the fuzziness’ and ice-coldness each of their bottled drinks on sale, ‘By packing new technology into each bottle, so when the cap is twisted off, a mechanism inside will create ice made from the drink itself’. (Hannaford, 2007) Technology has also helped the advancement of more opportunities for promoting the Coca-Cola brand; the company has opened an online website and has been able to advertise on internet websites which would help increase brand awareness. (Brassington, Petttitt, 2007) Political regulatory influences These influences relate to the outside governmental regulatory bodies that have jurisdiction under our national and European parliament to impose restrictions and rules relating to trade and other business operations, such influences include the Advertising Standards Agency, for instance Coca-Cola had to an advertisement banned for ‘claiming it to be nutritious while it contained up to five teaspoons of sugar.’ (Sinclair, 2011)Because Vitamin Water contained about a quarter of a consumers GDA (guideline daily amount) for sugar as well as the added vitamins, we considered that the description of Vitamin Water as nutritious was misleading. (Sinclair, 2011) this demonstrates the impact, as the company had to recall their advertising campaign. To conclude most of these regulations that have jurisdiction over Coca-Colas operates are enforced by law to act as regulators, other regulatory bodies include, trade associations, the EU and the local and national parliament. (Brassin gton, Petttitt, 2007) Marketing Mix The marketing mix strategy is a marketing tool used by many businesses, it helps managers develop their product to suit their customer needs, the tool helps the business set pricing strategies and promotional strategies which are variable, meaning that the company can make changes to their mix to match the external influences such as the economic downturn, the marketing mix is controllable itself, it allows Coca-Cola to adapt more efficiently to environmental influences of the market. (Palmer, 2009, 2004) Why is it needed? The marketing mix is needed to match the mix elements to the consumer needs; they are the ‘ingredients to achieve the desired outcome of the consumers.’ (Palmer, 2009, 2004) Each of the elements relate to one another, for instance pricing (considered the most important mix element), would largely concern the product it self, the quality of the product determines the pricing, if it is a product of high quality then the company may adopt a premium pricing strategy for example, this would also determine the promotion mix element, audiences are different, the premium pricing strategy may influence the business to target wealthy customers, who value high quality premium products or services. As well as pros, which highlight the positive things a marketing mix strategy can do for The Coca Cola Company, there are also negative aspects of it, issues which put the customer first, such as with the developments of quality services can become lost, to combat this disadvantage it is suggested that there should be an ‘adoption of a more holistic approach by marketing managers to respond to their customer needs’(Palmer, 2009), it would be recommended that managers   focus on a product-led approach to marketing.   (Palmer, 2009) Product For Coca-cola, their main product on offer is soft drinks.   With regard to the production of the soft drink itself, the main element to their products on offer is Coca-Cola. The Coca-Cola company is an international global business, and has more than just one product within the soft-drinks market, other products include Fanta and Sprite all owned by the Coca-Cola Company. (n.d, Sharma, Kumar) Their Products on offer help the company, to motivate the consumer in purchasing the drink. It can be intangible (a service) or tangible, in this case Coca-Cola are providing tangible products. This mix will allow the Soft drinks company to moderate the quality, packaging, quantity of size, all to satisfy their consumers. The moderation is important, it allows Coca-Cola to design for instance their Packaging for different seasons, such as the Christmas season in which they make changing to the style in order to get people into the Christmas spirit, this encourage sells, it demonstrates the changes in the mix allows the company to keep up with marketing opportunities in the marketing environment, it also helps develop their brand image.   (Palmer, 2009) Place (Distribution) This mix, allows The Coca Cola Company to make sure their products are available in convenient places, wherever the consumer prefers to purchase the items, it allows the company to make new distributions, if their marketing research suggest their target audience prefer to purchase their items in new places. (Palmer, 2009)   This mix allows Coca Cola to amend their distributional strategies in place, depending their target audience preference. A good distributional strategy is crucial as an ineffective strategy will impact negatively on the companies’ turnover figures. In marketing distributional decisions, markets must focus on whether the costs of such distribution is affordable and how close the customers are to receiving the product. Marketing managers have an option to adopt strategies such as direct and selective distribution, Coca-Cola products are available in large supermarkets and vending machines, this indicates an intensive distribution, as it is available anywher e at any time (24hr petrol shops) anyplace. Recommendation for efficient distributional channel Coca Cola distributes their products to a wide variety of retailers; therefore this would indicate a need for an efficient management of distribution. (Brassington, Petttitt, 2007) The company as a manufacturer would need to deal with stock controlling, transporting their soft drinks products, and finding warehouse facilities for their products. Pricing This is the most important mix of all, it is important as adopting the wrong pricing strategy would lead to a loss of profits, however a good pricing strategy, which is affordable to target customers would lead to higher turnover for The Coca Cola Company. The Pricing mix varies from other Ps, as the other mainly evolves around company expenditure decisions. The Coca-Cola Companies’ Competitive Pricing Strategy According to sources, the Coca-Cola Company currently adopts a competitive pricing strategy. (Sharma, Kumar, n.d,) this is when companies set their prices according to the current market price, The marketing had become more competitive with operating companies such as Pepsi entering the market; this forced the company to adopt a competitive pricing strategy in order to stay the cheapest in the market. In this current period, along with their competitive strategy the firm has also had to make les expenditure on their manufacturing process, and more expenditure on their advertising to keep consumer interest from rivals. (Sharma, Kumar, n.d,) Cost-Based Pricing strategy Originally they were operating within a niche market, before other competitors such a Pepsi had emerged, because of the new market for Soft drinks, the company did not have to adopt a competitive pricing strategy, instead adopting a cost-based pricing strategy, in which ‘a fixed  sum  or a  percentage  of the  total cost  is added (as  income  or  profit) to the  cost  of the product  to  arrive at  its  selling price’. (Business Dictionary, n.d) Recommendation on Good Pricing Strategies ‘If the selling price of a product is set too high, a company may mot achieve its sales volume targets. If it is set too low, volume targets may be by achieved, but no profit earned.’ (Palmer, 2009) In order to adopt good pricing strategies, there will need to be some evidence such from marketing research as to what consumers will expect to pay. Many companies face hard pricing decisions, as pricing cannot be determined alone with the consideration of target audiences, it would be recommended that firms consider the marketing environment, as consumers’ needs changes depending on the current external environment, and the ‘interaction of market forces’. (Palmer, 2009) the pricing strategy is also variable, the company can make on-going changes to their pricing strategy, however such a minor difference can cause a significant change to revenue, e.g. Lower or higher profits. (Brassington, Petttitt, 2007) Promotion This mix is used to help with the communication of the companies brand to the customers, through sale promotional strategies, sponsorship and through (PR) Public Relations.   This mix helps Coca-Cola decide on their advertising expenditure. (Palmer, 2009) Promotional Decisions The promotional strategies along with product and distributional strategy all need to be considered together in order for the company to make better decisions in their mix, it all lies down to evidence, which should give good estimations on their customers likely spending habits and where to target these customers. Coca-Cola through promotional campaigns want to demonstrate how good their brand is, this can be done through various strategies, such as personal selling (Coca-Cola Stalls at public events) , sales discounts (in shopping centres) Research has shown that, Coca-Cola tends to spend large sums on advertising, for instance in 1987 the company made an expenditure of around  £140 million, in television, radio and Printing publications. (Boy, JR, Walker, JR, 1990) This kind of mass media advertising is essential, as most of their customers are likely targeted this way, it helps keep up their brand image, and in attracting new potential customers. Free tasters are also a good strategy as the company brings out new versions of its drinks; this will lead to a new consumer base, and will help generate more loyalty. SWOT Analysis This is the study of strengths, weaknesses and threats (SWOT) This is analysis is needed so that Managers can understand the main threats and opportunities, it helps to get an overall view as to whether the business is profitable or not. It helps with the anticipation of future developments for the company. The SWOT doesn’t include assets of the business; it highlights opportunities for success and potential failure (Kotler, Wong, Saunders, Armstrong, 2005) Strengths The Coca-cola has been operating within the market for decades, it was once a niche market for the company, this indicates power-over competitors in relation to its brand image, it has been in the ‘game’ for years, and therefore, there is a high public awareness of their products.   Ã¢â‚¬ËœCoke is the world’s largest non-alcoholic beverage company. Coke sells more than 500 brands of beverages. The company operates five geographic segments: Eurasia Africa, Europe, Latin America, North America, and Pacific.’ (Seeking Alpha, 2011) The company is still experiencing a higher profit margin, for these reasons the company has ambitions to ‘double revenue by 2020. They believe that volume will be by the fast-growing markets and improvement in North America.’  (Seeking Alpha, 2011) Weaknesses: In order for a business to survive weaknesses need to be identified and then appropriate cautions will need to be put in place so that, any weaknesses are reduced significantly so that they no longer pose a disadvantage to the company.   (Kotler, Wong, Saunders, Armstrong, 2005) The Coca-Cola Company has been able to remain profitable in their many years of operating as a company.   As identified before, the Advertising Standards Agency and Food Standards Agency had imposed restrictions on their advertising campaign because of the among of sugar used in their products, this demonstrates a disadvantage for the company, these restrictions could lead to lesser profits, their soft-drinks generally aren’t good for their consumers. For these reasons the company may experience negative publicity which would be a disadvantage. Opportunities: New markets: The Coca Cola had begun operating in the bottled water market, because of the growth, in which the   UK market for bottled water alone has an estimation of near to  £1.4 billion. (British Bottled Water, 2009) this is an opportunity because it opens the company to new audiences increasing their brand image. Threats: There are many threats that are imposed upon organisations, such as the ability of Pepsi, (Coca-Cola’s closet rival), to take over the Soft-Drinks industry. The fact that Coca-Cola has to adopt a competitive pricing strategy shows that there is major competition within the market. Other substituting non-alcoholic beverages also pose a threat to the company; such products sold by Starbucks can threaten the profitability of the soft-drinks company. With the ongoing regulations imposed by the Food Standards Agency and (ASA) consumer may put their health first and choose healthier soft-drink alternatives, which would cause a lowering of turnover for the company. The fact that there are competitive pricing strategies between the likes of their rivals Pepsi also imposes the likeliness of customers ignoring both companies and choosing even cheaper alternatives such as Sainsbury’s and Asda branded Cola.  Ã‚   (Kotler, Wong, Saunders, Armstrong, 2005) Brand management Coca-Cola company main asset is their brand image, it is important in retaining their customers. Brand management involves the enhancing of ones brand, keeping customer interest and expanding to new audiences. To do this requires a lot of attention to the customers, getting them to remember the ‘name, term, sign, symbol design or a combination of these that identifies the maker or seller of the product or service.’ (Kotler, Wong, Saunders, Armstrong, 2005) Brand management is needed, as it increases a company’s ability to get a consumer to add and worship its name and value its quality of product, fending off other competitors by teaching the customer, that their brand is better. There is also an advantage for suppliers, it allows them to Coca Cola understands the importance of its brand image, through the overly use of promotional campaigns and various attempts at direct, and personal selling. It has been said the firm prefer to spend more on its promotional campaigns than its manufacturing costs. The firm has generated a brand image through its logo, which evidently always uses the colour red, in doing this they are reminding customers of their existence whilist increasing their awareness. Branding strategies The Coca-Cola Company has introduced major soft-drink of different kinds into the market, each kind has a different image, and this demonstrates an individual branding strategy, through the usage of new brand names for the various new products they have introduced over the years. There are many advantages in doing this, it increases their audience and allows the company to work on new brands, however these new products such as Fanta do not include the original branding, and therefore it could lead to their loyal customers forgetting the Coca-Cola image. Conclusion To conclude, The Coca Cola company has implemented good strategies, the managers of the company clearly understand the importance of meeting its customer needs, and enhancing its brand image to retain and remind customers of its good brand, hence the need for such a large expenditure on promotional campaigns, it utilizes the marketing mix well, through the adoption of competitor pricing strategy, it realizes its success can be easily threatened by competitors such as Pepsi, and substitute non-alcoholic beverages such as Coffee and tea.   Through its current attitudes and good usage of the marketing mix variables, it is certain this business will continue to dominate and likely double their revenue as they have plan   to do so by 2020, however external influences such as social cultural and economic influences could lead to a failure, regulatory bodies imposing restrictions could stop the business from reaching its potential if it continues on producing ‘misleading’ a dvertisements, however the worldwide recognition of its branding and along with individual brand images, this demonstrates the business has the potential to reach their goal. 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